On March 16th, 1938, several inhabitants from the capital lived the unexpected surprise of the chance discovery, in a sand pit, of a hoard comprising several coins and metalwork pieces. The place of discovery it was then situated on the territory of Herăstrău quarter and therefore, the discovery has entered in the literature under this name. More precisely, the hoard was discovered at 700 m away from the No. 5 C.F.R. station on the Bucharest-Constanţa railway, and 80 m east of the road which links the C.F.R. station to the inhabited area of the former Herăstrău village, in an area where during the last decade a pretentious residential quarter has been built. Only the name of a street (Nispăriei) reminds us today of the pit where the hoard has been discovered.

The hoard, discovered due to some maintenance works on the railway, or on the occasion of the diggings for a sand hole, has been parted between the discoverers. The commercialization attempt of several pieces has determined a jeweler to alert the state's officials, who deployed an unexpected investigation and forced the discoverers to hand over the discovery to the Commission of Historical Monuments. This, in turn, has delegated Dinu V. Rosetti (at that time director of the Municipal Museum of the Capital) to undertake an investigation at the discovery place, giving him, at the same time, the right to publish the hoard (right ceded a decade later to Dorin Popescu). The stratigraphic test performed by the passionate amateur archaeologist had led to the identification of another spiraled bracelet termination and of three coins. Finally, the hoard has been integrated in the collections of the National Museum of Antiquities (verbal process no. 216 from 14th of June 1939) where it was displayed in 1971, when it entered in the patrimony of the Romanian National History Museum.

At the present, the hoard comprises 58 tetradrahms issued at Thasos and 10 metalwork pieces (complete or fragments), to which it may be added the edge of a bronze recipient, a handle and several fragments of iron plate. According to Dorin Popescu, the most part of the hoard's inventory would have been recovered, with the exception of more than . two thirds (!) of the coins, now lost. With other words, the hoard might have initially comprised approximately 180 coins. It can not be mentioned whether some metalwork pieces have been lost or deteriorated between the moment of their discovery and the moment of their integration in the scientific evidence.

Furthermore, despite the stratigraphic test performed by Dinu V. Rosetti, the results of which have not been systematically published, maybe because of uninciting results, at the present we have no consistent information regarding the discovery context. Although, the presence in the hoard of an edge from a bronze recipient of big dimensions and of an iron handle suggest that the inventory might have been placed in a hypothetic situla.

With the exception of the silver cup, we have received most of the metalwork pieces from the hoard in a fragmentary shape. Some of the pieces have been subjected to some restoration and recondition processes which, some times, have unfortunately affected the originals. Moreover, it must be mentioned the adding of a plate which completes the missing space form the surface of phalera no. 1. Furthermore, one of the fragments detached from the edged of the same piece has been joined in the central area of the phalera's reverse. The dates when these interventions have been performed are uncertain, but some references may be found in several successive publications of the hoard. Thus, the modern completion of the missing part from the surface of one of the phaleras is attested even since the published illustrations from 1948. In all of these illustrations, the edge of the phalera appears complete, in Pamfil Polonic's drawings published in 1968, in those of Elena Becheş, published eight years later, or in a photo published in 1980, but they miss in the illustrations published in the '90s, which suggests that the detachment from the edge of the piece and its positioning on the reverse has taken place relatively late.

Another reparation which seems to be as well of a late date is that of the great spiraled bracelet. In the illustrations from the 1948 publishing, the fragments which make up this bracelet hadn't been yet welded. The traces of this modern welding may be however observed in Pamfil Polonic's drawing, traces which have been overlooked in the ulterior drawings.

We have given a special attention to these aspects especially to highlight the insistence with which the modernity sometimes, exaggeratedly, puts its print on some spectacular pieces belonging to the past. Despite the existing protection legislation for mobile patrimony, along the decades from the discovery of the Bucureşti hoard, the already mentioned interventions suggest the fact that the norms of prehistoric metalwork objects restoration have not been yet enough acknowledged at individual and institutional level. From the perspective of the metallographic analyses, the dilemma of these interventions (welding, joining, completions) is the modification of the pieces' aspect and characteristics as compared to their original form.

The main dating element of the Bucureşti-Herăstrău hoard is represented by the late thasian tetradrahms, which entered in the Lower Danube area and in Transylvania during the last decades of the IInd century BC and first decades of the next century. It may also be considered the hemispheric silver cup, which, through its morphology enters in the Hellenistic and late Republican luxury recipients' repertory (middle of the IInd-middle of the Ist century BC).

Through the analogies of the metalwork pieces from the inventory, the discovery from Bucureşti-Herăstrău frames within the early phase of the Dacian hoards' group, from the beginning and the middle of the Ist century BC, together with other inventories characterized by the association of costume and jewelry pieces with Thasian tetrahrahms or with the drahms of Apollonia and Dyrrachium cities. Without entering in augmentative details of the Dacian hoards periodization, I consider that several eloquent examples for supporting this chronological framing must be mentioned. At Sâncrăieni, the mastos type cups, similar to those from Herăstrău, associate with a Thasian tetradrahm, and another mastos, discovered at Lupu, associates with two knot fibulae. An exemplar of this type of fibulae belonging to Clipiceşti hoard associates again with the Thasian tertradrahms. These discoveries suggest the relative synchronism between the circulation period of the tetradrahms' lots from the Lower Danube and the usage of the mastos type cops and knot fibulae-the director fossil of the Dacian metalwork early phase.

The interpretative valences of the hoard's inventory are multiple. The hoard comprises important pieces from the Hellenistic-Roman centers (surely the coins, probably the cup and hypothetically situla) with pieces which, at least under the manufacturing aspect, seem to be local products of craftsman from Barbaricum. The question the rises is whether the metallographic analyses may give clues for the provenience determination of the different pieces from the hoard.

However, the rarity or the multitude of morphological analogies of the different metalwork pieces suggests a polarization of the significations associated in the hoard. The two spiraled bracelets from Bucureşti-Herăstrău represent each of them, a unique piece, without close analogies as concerns the morphological terminations and the décor organization. By the simplified aspect of the terminal protomes, these two bracelets cannot be included in the typological series of the spiraled bracelets, the terminations of which present massive plaques decorated with palmets (Bălăneşti, Rociu, Coada Malului, Hetiur, Senereuş, Ghelinţa, Orăştie, Cărpeniş, Dupuş, etc.)

Whether the spiraled bracelets are unique-pieces and whether the phaleras, by the clumsiness in which the human figures are represented, seem to be creations of a workshop from Barbaricum, the mastos type cup, no matter where it has been produced, illustrates the adopting at the Lower Danube of a recipient type designated to drinking, specific to ceremonial banquets of late Hellenistic period and which knew a large diffusion from the Middle East to Iberian Peninsula. In other words, pieces with unique morphology and with symbolic signification and particular iconography are associated to a ceremonial sign with cosmopolitan resonance. Moreover, such an annexation between local iconographical samples from late Latene period and mastos type cups or even sets of cups, although it is not frequent, cannot be considered unusual, due to the fact that we find it in Transylvania, in Lupu hoard, or in the north-west of Bulgaria at Jakimovo.

On the other hand, in the hoard's inventory might be deduced the structure of a costume set based on several plausible deductions and presumptions. Firstly, it might be assumed that initially not only one of the phaleras, but both of them have been manufactured with one fibula welded on the reverse. In this case, the two "fibulae-phaleras" formed a pair, situation which has been observed in several hoards with silver fibulae having different shapes. A suggestive exemplification for our case is offered by the pairs of fibulae with au repousse representations of several human figures on the plate of the arch from Bălăneşti and Coada Malului hoards, both of them in Muntenia. Although the manufacturing system of these pieces is different, the signification of such a pair of representations is probably a common one, and reveals a particularity of the Dacian metalwork from Muntenia. It must be mentioned that the technical solution of applying phaleras over the fibulae is not a local invention. It is attested as well in the Sarmatian medium, for example the "broach" (fibulae-phalera) from the woman's grave from Sokolovo (IInd century BC) or by a piece with a similar construction from the inventory of the garve 156 from Beliausk'.

Although the function of the chain is hard to be determined, the question is whether its role wasn't to join the two "fibulae-phaleras". Thus, it must be mentioned the chain attached to the two silver knot fibulae with unknown provenience (probably Transylvania) and which today are part of the Hanns-Ulrich Haedeke collection (Germany).

The modality of wearing the spiraled bracelets is uncertain due to the big diameter of the opening. Evan though, it must be mentioned the fact that the inverse rotation of the extremities, eased by the malleability of the metal, permitted the "adjustment" of the spiral to the thickness of the arm. The possibility of wearing them at the leg must not be excluded, but, unfortunately, we are missing the consistent clues regarding this fact. It is hard to believe that pieces having big dimensions, with special symbolic significations had a marginal position as concerns the costume or they were wore underneath the garment. Consequently, if we accept the usage of the two phaleras as fibulae's ornamental elements, probably connected by a chain, in the inventory of the Bucureşti-Herăstrău hoard, we may admit the association between a garment closing complex accessory and a costume set for arms, in other words a sole costume set. If to this ascertainment we also add the fact that, unlike other hoards with a high number of mastos type cups, at Bucureşti-Herăstrău we find only one type of this kind of recipient, we already have suggestive arguments to deduce in the structure of the spectaculars inventory the merge of social identity symbols of a elite member from those times.

1. The phalera with the representation of a human bust represented by au repoussé and poinçonnage techniques, having a slightly oval form, with the vertical diameter higher than the horizontal one (9.2 to 8.5 cm). The plinth, having a width of 0.5-0.6 cm, is decorated with a zigzag performed with the help of a punch with right point. The plan of which the bust has been manufactured is placed on the higher level as the surface of the phalera with approximately 1 cm, so the piece presents a trapezoidal profile. The side panels of the phalera have been, in turn, ornamented with groups of 2-3 lines. The image of the bust is surrounded by a circular row of pearls, manufactured by au repoussé and poinçonnage techniques. The strong profiled head is represented in frontal position. The eyes are over-dimensioned, with the accentuated eyelids and the eyelashes made by a slide punching; the nose is accidentally flattened; the mouth slightly opened, with the extremities marked through a small round hollow. The garment is indicated by two groups of accentuated strips, symmetrically disposed to the median axis of the chest. In the neck area, three rows of relatively concentric punches indicate the folds of a collar, or maybe the necklaces. The areas situated on both sides of the head have been made by punching ordered on relatively horizontal rows. The anatomical indications for the sex of the figure have not been clearly marked, but it may be supposed that the represented personage is a woman, or a teen-ager. For this latter case pleads the beardless face, but also the long coiffure.

In antiquity, a bronze fibula with the leg twisted over the arch (8 cm long), now lost, has been fixed by dwelling on the reverse of the phalera. On the reverse of the phalera, the modern interventions make uncertain the traces of the fibula's dwelling. The phalera is significantly deteriorated on the left side (the left shoulder and the area above it are missing), as well the right extremity of the chest; modern completions have been performed in both missing area. MNIR Bucharest - inv. no. 14 523/8415 [see the database of the project or the drawing]; W=20.15g.

2. Phalera with the representation of a human bust made by au repoussé and poinçonnage techniques, similar to the precedent phalera. The superior part of the phalera is missing, including the forehead, a significant part of the coiffure and the left shoulder. Interventions for completing the missing part have not been undertaken, as in the case of the previous phalera. On the reverse, on the superior part, slight traces of ancient dwelling may be observed. Probably, a similar fibula to the one jointed on the first phalera has been fixed on the reverse of this one. MNIR Bucharest - inv. no. 14 572/11140; the diameters of the phalera=8.7 / 7.2 cm [see the database of the project or the drawing]; W=11.60g

3. Chain comprising 51 rings, jointed two by two. Heavily deteriorated, some of the rings are missing. MNIR Bucharest - inv. no. 8419 [see the database of the project or the drawing]; L=18.7 cm; thickness=0.4 cm; W=4g.

4. Fragmentary spiraled bracelet manufactured of circular section wire (the diameter of the section is 0.6 cm), forming five coils, with only one termination preserved; the extremity is formed by a short prismatic volume (2.7 cm length/1 cm width/0.6 height), with the side panels slightly over-raised, continuing with a small conic protome, with a circular section, with the eyes represented as two incised circles; the extremity is preceded by two groups of three (and one of two) incised lines; MNIR Bucharest - inv. no. 14 600/11141 [see the database of the project or the drawing]; height=14 cm; the diameter of the spiral's opening varies between 12.45 and 9.33 cm; W=247g.

5. Fragmentary spiraled bracelet manufactured of circular section wire (the diameter of the section is 0.2 cm), with one termination preserved; the extremity is formed by a slighted bolded volume and a flattened extension, decorated by an incision flanked by two rows of punching probably suggesting an ophidian protome; two coils are preserved from the body of the bracelet. MNIR Bucharest - inv. no. 14 601/11142 [see the database of the project or the drawing]; the diameter of the opening=8.9 cm; W=18.13g

6. Fragmentary spiraled bracelet manufactured of cylindrical section wire (the diameter of the section varies between 0.2 and 0.3 cm) with only one termination preserved, with the extremity slightly bolded and rounded. MNIR Bucharest - inv. no. 14 473/9148 [see the database of the project]; diameter of the opening=7.1 cm. Two detached fragments are part of the same bracelet, MNIR Bucharest - inv. no. 8418a and 8418b, L(a)=4.8 cm, L(b)=6.7 cm; the weight of the three fragments together=20.58g.

7. Fragment of bracelet manufactured of circular section wire (the diameter of the section is 0.2 cm); the extremities are missing. MNIR Bucharest - inv. no. 14 474/8417 [see the database of the project or the drawing]; D=7.8 cm; W=13.77 g.

8. Fragment of bracelet (circular?) manufactured of circular section wire (the diameter of the section is 0.3 cm), then with a quadratic section (0.4 on the side) on the face of the preserved termination. MNIR Bucharest - inv. no. 14 602/11143 [see the database of the project or the photo]; the diameter of the opening=10/9.3 cm; W=37.41g.

9. Concave and arched silver band; MNIR Bucharest - inv. no. 8420 [see the database of the project or the photo]; the diameter of the section=8.35 cm; the length of the unfolding=13 cm; W=6g.

10. Mastos type cup with a profile in the shape of a truncated cone and with a round bottom. In the interior, under the bolded edge, a fluting of 0.2 cm length; the inferior part of the piece presents reparations traces, probably from antiquity; MNIR Bucharest - inv. 14 567/11144 [see the database of the project or the drawing]; the diameter of the lip=17.7 cm; height=10.1 cm; the thickness of the panel=0.4 cm; W=467g

From the perspective of today research of the Dacian hoards, the undertaken metallographic analyses within Arheomet project represent a premier. A complete set of metalwork pieces and an important lot, numeric representative, of coins from the same discovery have been subjected, for the first time, to the same type of metallographic analyses (X-Ray Fluorescence). Previous analyses, undertaken in the'60s and '70s in the laboratories from Cluj, using different methods, have regarded a modest number of objects, and the results prove their general character, having sometimes not enough accuracy, suffering especially from the absence of a sustained collaboration and of a fecund dialog between the archaeologists and their physicist partners.

Due to several debates it has been agreed on the study of the Bucureşti-Herăstrău hoard, which presented an important advantage in order to be subjected to the newly metallographic analyses: retrieved in satisfactory conditions (probably integral), it is the only Dacian hoard from the collections of MNIR, where distinct categories of objects associate: costume and jewelry pieces, a silver recipient and a significant lot as regarding the number of coins-tetradrahms issued at Thasos. With other words, the complexity of the inventory has represented the decisive element of this hoard's eligibility.

The study under the metallographic aspect of this hoard has had as main goal the unity determination or the diversity of the elemental composition of the pieces from the hoard. Through the undertaken analyses it was intended the determination of some clues for the sustaining or invalidation of several hypotheses regarding the origin of the Dacian metalwork raw material and the technological processes used by the craftsmen of the Ist BC-Ist AD centuries. Therefore, answers to the following questions have been searched:

• 1. How many sources of raw material may be determined?
• 2. Do the pieces of the hoard constitute a technological unit?
• 3. The raw material source out of which the pieces have been manufactured is local or imported?
• 4. If the source is not local, may be determined indications of the imported coins' recycling? In other words, may be determined a similitude relation between the metallographic structure of the adornments, cup and coins?

1. Indications of the deliberate modifications of the alloy's composition

The most important conclusion, which led to the interpretation of the metallographic analyses undertaken, is represented by the possibility of highlighting a deliberate intervention of the ancient metalwork craftsmen in the dosage of the alloy based on silver metallographic structure, of which the metalwork pieces have been manufactured, especially those which through their morphology and ornamentation reveal their local-barbarian origin. It might be presumed the fact that the deliberate modification of the alloy based on silver and its depreciation by adding bronze comprising cooper and tin have not been caused by the precious metal penury, but more likely by the need of strengthening certain objects, namely the bracelets.

The usage of such an alloy containing significant percentage of tin and cooper probably responded to the need of strengthening some bracelets made of relative thin wires and rods (0,2 cm in diameter; only the section of the great bracelets' spiraled body is 0,6 cm). The usage of a silver alloy with a higher title would have determined a too easily deforming of the finite form, spiraled, of these pieces. Probably the adding of tin and cooper had been much too generous, thus all the bracelets from the hoard have been easily fragmented, even since ancient time, or at the moment of discovery.

In turn, the mastos type cup, which through the accuracy of the execution, but through the external analogies as well, some of them at very far distances, seems to be more the product of a Hellenistic workshop, presenting a metallographic structure without the adding of tin and cooper. In this case, the explication of this ascertainment should be searched in the execution technique of this type of recipients through hammer-wroughting at high temperatures on a lathe. For the facile reproduction of bowl's elegant conic form, it was preferred the alloy to be malleable, to present therefore a higher purity level.

A similar explication may be advanced as well for the absence of the tin from the chain composition. This time, the small dimensions of the thin wire ring which make up the chain supposed their constitution based on a malleable alloy. Rings from a thin wire but too rigid would have been broken up much easily.

Therefore, no matter if the pieces from the hoard are all manufactured locally or not, the undertaken analyses convincingly illustrate the fact that the craftsmen from late Latène/late Hellenistic period deliberately changed the structure of the row material, depending on the functional and esthetic properties the desired object should have.

The deliberate character of the alloy's alteration depending on the rigidity and malleability that the row material of the metalwork should present is suggested also by the correlation of tin and cooper quantities (the relative constant proportion of tin-cooper rapport) in the case of metalwork pieces. On the other hand, the only piece which presents a disproportionate tin-cooper rapport towards the other pieces is just the great spiraled bracelet, different of the other bracelets from the hoard due to its dimensions and weight, but as well due to its ornamental valences. In other words, the question is if this piece with special dimensions, morphology and décor, wouldn't meant the constitution of an alloy with a special structure.

2. Do the pieces of the hoard present a technological unity?

The presence or absence of tin and the varied percentage of cooper determine a separation of the metalwork pieces from the Bucureşti-Herăstrău hoard in two groups: a) pieces from an alloy with significant Sn, Cu and Pb adding, namely the bracelets and the bowls and b) pieces manufactured of an alloy in which Sn is absent, and the Cu and Pb values are reduced (mastos type cup and the chain). The metallographic structure of these two latter pieces is similar in a significant way to that of the thasian coins. No matter the place where this pieces have been manufactured, from these observations it may be implied the fact that under metallographic and implicitly technological aspect, the inventory of the hoard is not unitary. Such an observation should not be unrestraint due to the fact that it is easily to assume that the pieces with a varied morphology were manufactured by different techniques. On the other hand, although the percentage values of the secondary elements (Au, Zn, Pb, Bi) of the bowls are different of those of the bracelets, still the rapport between them is similar (!). The same observation can be made in the case of the mastos-cup, of the chain and of the tetrahrahms, secondary elements of which although they are not close, they are still found in a close rapport.

3. The problem of the relation between the metalwork coins and pieces

The hypothesis according to which the material row which represented the basis for the metalwork pieces manufacturing would have been procured through the recycling of several similar coins to those discovered in the same hoard, could not be totally confirmed, but at the same time the analyses didn't categorically infirm it. The interpretation of the Bi/Au/Ag rapport does not lead to a segregation of the coins (the way the variation Cu and Sn determines it). In this situation, it may be asked whether initially the basic alloy, in which it was, subsequently, added Cu and Sn, for the bracelets and bowls manufacturing, might be similar to that of the coins.

As part of the 3^rd stage of the Archaeomet Project, named The elaboration - using XRF and PIXE - of a data base about structures of Dacian silver objects and coins from the national patrimony, 33 Geto-Dacian coins from the hoard found in the dava-settlement of Cârlomăneşti were analysed. This archaeological site is placed in the north-eastern Walachia, the sub-Carpathian area. These coins belong to the Vârteju-Bucureşti type, comprised in the group of so-called imitations of Philipp the 2nd type, because they reproduce, very abstract, a bearded human effigy on the obverse and a horseman on the reverse, like the tetradrachms of the above mentioned Macedonian King but, of course, with visible decreased dimensions and title. Usually, the coins of the type Vârteju-Bucureşti weigh about 7-8 g. In the Cârlomăneşti hoard there are two main categories of issues: in part they were struck but an important batch of coins has made by melting. Their variable aspect results from the technical proceedings which have been used. Although all of them have a scyphate form and seem to be made from an alloy based on silver and copper, the struck coins are of smaller weight (about 4-5 g) and their surfaces are penetrated by numerous oxide traces, whereas on the melted pieces the flan's area have an unitary appearance of the silver stratum and the weight goes beyond 5 g. From the hoard have been analysed 33 coins and a single one from the isolated coins found in the settlement's area. The XRF-analyses have also detected two structural groups, confirming the numismatist's classification. The 20 analysed struck coins are constituted mainly by four elements (silver, copper, tin, lead), while the 14 melted coins comprise only silver and copper. The researches pointed out that the struck coins of Cârlomăneşti present two separated alloy layers, the external one having a higher percentage of silver. Also, the melted coins are made of an unhomogeneous alloy of silver and copper, with different concentrations of the elements in varied points. A relation between the two different groups of coins in the hoard presumably exist, because two struck exemplars were made with the same die like the coin used as pattern for a few melted pieces, but is very difficult to prove if the coins belong to the same mint or whether the mint was situated inside of the Cârlomăneşti dava.

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